Package java.sql
javax.sql.RowSet group of interfaces, can be customized to
use and update data from a spread sheet, flat file, or any other tabular
data source.
What the JDBC 4.3 API Includes
The JDBC 4.3 API includes both thejava.sql package, referred to as the JDBC core API,
and the javax.sql package, referred to as the JDBC Optional
Package API. This complete JDBC API
is included in the Java Standard Edition (Java SE), version 7.
The javax.sql package extends the functionality of the JDBC API
from a client-side API to a server-side API, and it is an essential part
of the Java Enterprise Edition
(Java EE) technology.
Versions
The JDBC 4.3 API incorporates all of the previous JDBC API versions:- The JDBC 4.2 API
- The JDBC 4.1 API
- The JDBC 4.0 API
- The JDBC 3.0 API
- The JDBC 2.1 core API
- The JDBC 2.0 Optional Package API
(Note that the JDBC 2.1 core API and the JDBC 2.0 Optional Package API together are referred to as the JDBC 2.0 API.) - The JDBC 1.2 API
- The JDBC 1.0 API
Classes, interfaces, methods, fields, constructors, and exceptions have the following "since" tags that indicate when they were introduced into the Java platform. When these "since" tags are used in Javadoc comments for the JDBC API, they indicate the following:
- Since 9 -- new in the JDBC 4.3 API and part of the Java SE platform, version 9
- Since 1.8 -- new in the JDBC 4.2 API and part of the Java SE platform, version 8
- Since 1.7 -- new in the JDBC 4.1 API and part of the Java SE platform, version 7
- Since 1.6 -- new in the JDBC 4.0 API and part of the Java SE platform, version 6
- Since 1.4 -- new in the JDBC 3.0 API and part of the J2SE platform, version 1.4
- Since 1.2 -- new in the JDBC 2.0 API and part of the J2SE platform, version 1.2
- Since 1.1 or no "since" tag -- in the original JDBC 1.0 API and part of the JDK, version 1.1
NOTE: Many of the new features are optional; consequently, there is some variation in drivers and the features they support. Always check your driver's documentation to see whether it supports a feature before you try to use it.
What the java.sql Package Contains
The java.sql package contains API for the following:
- Making a connection with a database via the
DriverManagerfacilityDriverManagerclass -- makes a connection with a driverDriverinterface -- provides the API for registering and connecting drivers based on JDBC technology ("JDBC drivers"); generally used only by theDriverManagerclassDriverPropertyInfoclass -- provides properties for a JDBC driver; not used by the general user
- Sending SQL statements to a database
Statement-- used to send basic SQL statementsPreparedStatement-- used to send prepared statements or basic SQL statements (derived fromStatement)CallableStatement-- used to call database stored procedures (derived fromPreparedStatement)Connectioninterface -- provides methods for creating statements and managing connections and their propertiesSavepoint-- provides savepoints in a transaction
- Retrieving and updating the results of a query
ResultSetinterface
- Standard mappings for SQL types to classes and interfaces in the
Java programming language
Arrayinterface -- mapping for SQLARRAYBlobinterface -- mapping for SQLBLOBClobinterface -- mapping for SQLCLOBDateclass -- mapping for SQLDATENClobinterface -- mapping for SQLNCLOBRefinterface -- mapping for SQLREFRowIdinterface -- mapping for SQLROWIDStructinterface -- mapping for SQLSTRUCTSQLXMLinterface -- mapping for SQLXMLTimeclass -- mapping for SQLTIMETimestampclass -- mapping for SQLTIMESTAMPTypesclass -- provides constants for SQL types
- Custom mapping an SQL user-defined type (UDT) to a class in the
Java programming language
SQLDatainterface -- specifies the mapping of a UDT to an instance of this classSQLInputinterface -- provides methods for reading UDT attributes from a streamSQLOutputinterface -- provides methods for writing UDT attributes back to a stream
- Metadata
DatabaseMetaDatainterface -- provides information about the databaseResultSetMetaDatainterface -- provides information about the columns of aResultSetobjectParameterMetaDatainterface -- provides information about the parameters toPreparedStatementcommands
- Exceptions
SQLException-- thrown by most methods when there is a problem accessing data and by some methods for other reasonsSQLWarning-- thrown to indicate a warningDataTruncation-- thrown to indicate that data may have been truncatedBatchUpdateException-- thrown to indicate that not all commands in a batch update executed successfully
java.sql and javax.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.3 API
- Added
Shardingsupport - Enhanced
Connectionto be able to provide hints to the driver that a request, an independent unit of work, is beginning or ending - Enhanced
DatabaseMetaDatato determine if Sharding is supported - Added the method
driverstoDriverManagerto return a Stream of the currently loaded and available JDBC drivers - Added support to
Statementfor enquoting literals and simple identifiers - Clarified the Java SE version that methods were deprecated
java.sql and javax.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.2 API
- Added
JDBCTypeenum andSQLTypeinterface - Support for
REF CURSORSinCallableStatement DatabaseMetaDatamethods to return maximum Logical LOB size and if Ref Cursors are supported- Added support for large update counts
java.sql and javax.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.1 API
- Allow
Connection,ResultSetandStatementobjects to be used with the try-with-resources statement - Support added to
CallableStatementandResultSetto specify the Java type to convert to via thegetObjectmethod DatabaseMetaDatamethods to return PseudoColumns and if a generated key is always returned- Added support to
Connectionto specify a database schema, abort and timeout a physical connection. - Added support to close a
Statementobject when its dependent objects have been closed - Support for obtaining the parent logger for a
Driver,DataSource,ConnectionPoolDataSourceandXADataSource
java.sql and javax.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.0 API
- auto java.sql.Driver discovery -- no longer need to load a
java.sql.Driverclass viaClass.forName - National Character Set support added
- Support added for the SQL:2003 XML data type
- SQLException enhancements -- Added support for cause chaining; New SQLExceptions added for common SQLState class value codes
- Enhanced Blob/Clob functionality -- Support provided to create and free a Blob/Clob instance as well as additional methods added to improve accessibility
- Support added for accessing a SQL ROWID
- Support added to allow a JDBC application to access an instance of a JDBC resource that has been wrapped by a vendor, usually in an application server or connection pooling environment.
- Availability to be notified when a
PreparedStatementthat is associated with aPooledConnectionhas been closed or the driver determines is invalid
java.sql and javax.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 3.0 API
- Pooled statements -- reuse of statements associated with a pooled connection
- Savepoints -- allow a transaction to be rolled back to a designated savepoint
- Properties defined for
ConnectionPoolDataSource-- specify how connections are to be pooled - Metadata for parameters of a
PreparedStatementobject - Ability to retrieve values from automatically generated columns
- Ability to have multiple
ResultSetobjects returned fromCallableStatementobjects open at the same time - Ability to identify parameters to
CallableStatementobjects by name as well as by index ResultSetholdability -- ability to specify whether cursors should be held open or closed at the end of a transaction- Ability to retrieve and update the SQL structured type instance that a
Refobject references - Ability to programmatically update
BLOB,CLOB,ARRAY, andREFvalues. - Addition of the
java.sql.Types.DATALINKdata type -- allows JDBC drivers access to objects stored outside a data source - Addition of metadata for retrieving SQL type hierarchies
java.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 2.1 Core API
- Scrollable result sets--using new methods in the
ResultSetinterface that allow the cursor to be moved to a particular row or to a position relative to its current position - Batch updates
- Programmatic updates--using
ResultSetupdater methods - New data types--interfaces mapping the SQL3 data types
- Custom mapping of user-defined types (UDTs)
- Miscellaneous features, including performance hints, the use of character
streams, full precision for
java.math.BigDecimalvalues, additional security, and support for time zones in date, time, and timestamp values.
javax.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 2.0 Optional
Package API
- The
DataSourceinterface as a means of making a connection. The Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) is used for registering aDataSourceobject with a naming service and also for retrieving it. - Pooled connections -- allowing connections to be used and reused
- Distributed transactions -- allowing a transaction to span diverse DBMS servers
RowSettechnology -- providing a convenient means of handling and passing data
Custom Mapping of UDTs
A user-defined type (UDT) defined in SQL can be mapped to a class in the Java programming language. An SQL structured type or an SQLDISTINCT
type are the UDTs that may be custom mapped. The following three
steps set up a custom mapping:
- Defining the SQL structured type or
DISTINCTtype in SQL - Defining the class in the Java programming language to which the
SQL UDT will be mapped. This class must implement the
SQLDatainterface. - Making an entry in a
Connectionobject's type map that contains two things:- the fully-qualified SQL name of the UDT
- the
Classobject for the class that implements theSQLDatainterface
When these are in place for a UDT, calling the methods
ResultSet.getObject or CallableStatement.getObject
on that UDT will automatically retrieve the custom mapping for it. Also, the
PreparedStatement.setObject method will automatically map the
object back to its SQL type to store it in the data source.
Package Specification
Related Documentation
- Lesson:JDBC Basics(The Java Tutorials > JDBC Database Access)
- “JDBC API Tutorial and Reference, Third Edition”
- Since:
- 1.1
-
ClassDescriptionThe mapping in the Java programming language for the SQL type
ARRAY.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when an error occurs during a batch update operation.The representation (mapping) in the Java programming language of an SQLBLOBvalue.The interface used to execute SQL stored procedures.Enumeration for status of the reason that a property could not be set via a call toConnection.setClientInfoThe mapping in the Java programming language for the SQLCLOBtype.A connection (session) with a specific database.A builder created from aDataSourceobject, used to establish a connection to the database that thedata sourceobject represents.Comprehensive information about the database as a whole.An exception thrown as aDataTruncationexception (on writes) or reported as aDataTruncationwarning (on reads) when a data values is unexpectedly truncated for reasons other than its having exceededMaxFieldSize.A thin wrapper around a millisecond value that allows JDBC to identify this as an SQLDATEvalue.The interface that every driver class must implement.An interface that must be implemented when a Driver wants to be notified byDriverManager.The basic service for managing a set of JDBC drivers.Driver properties for making a connection.Defines the constants that are used to identify generic SQL types, called JDBC types.The mapping in the Java programming language for the SQLNCLOBtype.An object that can be used to get information about the types and properties for each parameter marker in aPreparedStatementobject.An object that represents a precompiled SQL statement.Enumeration for pseudo/hidden column usage.The mapping in the Java programming language of an SQLREFvalue, which is a reference to an SQL structured type value in the database.A table of data representing a database result set, which is usually generated by executing a statement that queries the database.An object that can be used to get information about the types and properties of the columns in aResultSetobject.The representation (mapping) in the Java programming language of an SQL ROWID value.Enumeration for RowId life-time values.The representation of a savepoint, which is a point within the current transaction that can be referenced from theConnection.rollbackmethod.Interface used to indicate that this object represents a Sharding Key.A builder created from aDataSourceorXADataSourceobject, used to create aShardingKeywith sub-keys of supported data types.The subclass ofSQLExceptionis thrown when one or more client info properties could not be set on aConnection.The interface used for the custom mapping of an SQL user-defined type (UDT) to a class in the Java programming language.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when the SQLState class value is '22', or under vendor-specified conditions.An exception that provides information on a database access error or other errors.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when the SQLState class value is '0A' ( the value is 'zero' A).An input stream that contains a stream of values representing an instance of an SQL structured type or an SQL distinct type.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when the SQLState class value is '23', or under vendor-specified conditions.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when the SQLState class value is '28', or under vendor-specified conditions.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown for the SQLState class value '08', or under vendor-specified conditions.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when an instance where a retry of the same operation would fail unless the cause of theSQLExceptionis corrected.The output stream for writing the attributes of a user-defined type back to the database.ASQLPermissionobject contains a name (also referred to as a "target name") but no actions list; there is either a named permission or there is not.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown in situations where a previously failed operation might be able to succeed if the application performs some recovery steps and retries the entire transaction or in the case of a distributed transaction, the transaction branch.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when the SQLState class value is '42', or under vendor-specified conditions.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when the timeout specified byStatement.setQueryTimeout,DriverManager.setLoginTimeout,DataSource.setLoginTimeout,XADataSource.setLoginTimeouthas expired.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when the SQLState class value is '40', or under vendor-specified conditions.The subclass ofSQLExceptionfor the SQLState class value '08', or under vendor-specified conditions.The subclass ofSQLExceptionis thrown in situations where a previously failed operation might be able to succeed when the operation is retried without any intervention by application-level functionality.An object that is used to identify a generic SQL type, called a JDBC type or a vendor specific data type.An exception that provides information on database access warnings.The mapping in the JavaTM programming language for the SQL XML type.The object used for executing a static SQL statement and returning the results it produces.The standard mapping in the Java programming language for an SQL structured type.A thin wrapper around thejava.util.Dateclass that allows the JDBC API to identify this as an SQLTIMEvalue.A thin wrapper aroundjava.util.Datethat allows the JDBC API to identify this as an SQLTIMESTAMPvalue.The class that defines the constants that are used to identify generic SQL types, called JDBC types.Interface for JDBC classes which provide the ability to retrieve the delegate instance when the instance in question is in fact a proxy class.